IoT Gateways Explained: What Is It, Key Features and Use Cases

Today’s market presents an endless number of devices and gateways in IoT — each using different communication protocols like Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoraWAN, Matter, Thread, and beyond. If you’re reading this, you likely know that an IoT gateway can help bring all these devices into a single ecosystem.

But did you know that what is gateway in IoT can take many forms? The possibilities are extensive. A dedicated device from a sensor vendor, a little USB stick, or even software running on a Raspberry Pi or even your laptop. In this article, we’ll share our experience with IoT device gateways and explore the different options out there.

Highlights:

• The IoT gateway architecture comprises 12 components: custom software applications, data management, security, operating system, cloud connectivity manager, and more.
• The most common IoT gateway protocols used in IoT gateways include MQTT, HTTP, CoAP, AMQP, and WebSocket.
• The WebbyLab team has developed a software IoT gateway, 2Smart Standalone, and bridges for integration with other gateways, as well as hardware gateways for Zigbee and Modbus devices.

The web interface of a 2Smart Standalone automation platform

Understanding IoT Gateways

An Internet of Things gateway is a hardware or software solution, usually both, that connects various IoT devices to the cloud and each other. It acts as a bridge, which allows devices with different communication protocols to exchange data seamlessly, whether they use WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or another connectivity technology.

IoT gateways enable connectivity by performing the following functions:

• Communicating with sensors and end devices via various protocols (e.g., Zigbee, Z-Wave, Bluetooth, LoRaWAN, RS-485, RS-232)
• Facilitating device-to-device communication
• Processing data from devices
• Managing devices locally
• Transferring data to the cloud
• Handling cloud-to-device commands
• Enabling local computing (or edge computing)

IoT Gateway Architecture Overview

Having laid the groundwork, let’s look inside the IoT gateway framework. Here’s the typical architecture of these solutions and their 12 essential components:

The architecture of IoT gateways

An IoT gateway can be literally perceived as a gate or bridge between sensors, devices, and the internet, or, more precisely, between these devices and cloud software. However, despite this being the main function, modern gateways have become much more complex and include far more functionality.

Kostiantyn Oliynyk

Head of IoT at Webbylab

1. Security layer. It’s one of the most crucial components of the IoT gateway architecture. Security features usually include encryption for data protection during transmission and storage, user authentication to prevent unauthorized access, and secure boot to ensure the gateway cannot operate with illegal firmware.
2. Device layer. It’s responsible for device-to-gateway communication and comprises IoT sensors, networking modules, circuits, and a microcontroller/processor.
3. Data management layer. It handles IoT data collection, storage, filtering, and streaming. It ensures that data flows smoothly and securely between the sensor nodes, the gateway, and the cloud without any loss or alteration.
4. Operating system. It’s a foundation for managing hardware resources and running other gateway applications and components. Common OSs are real-time operating systems, or RTOS for simple use cases, and Linux for handling complex tasks.
5. Hardware abstraction layer. It allows developers to write code that interacts with hardware components without needing to know all the hardware details.
6. Gateway data transfer layer. It transmits data from the gateway to the cloud, connecting to the internet via Ethernet, WiFi, or cellular networks.
7. Communication protocols. It’s a component that defines the rules for data exchange. Some standard protocols include MQTT, HTTP, and CoAP.
8. Cloud connectivity manager. It establishes and handles secure connections to IoT cloud platforms, covering device status monitoring, authentication, and reconnection.
9. Sensor and actuator drivers. It’s a layer that allows the IoT device gateway to communicate with sensors and modules through software interfaces.
10. Custom software apps. These are tailored to the specific needs of your IoT ecosystem and organization. For example, they can handle data analysis and process automation.
11. Firmware OTA updates. It’s a critical IoT architecture component that ensures the IoT device is up to date. Over-the-air updates protect device memory and power and introduce functionality improvements, security patches, and bug fixes.
12. Device management and configuration. It’s a layer that helps the gateway monitor all connected IoT devices and change settings whenever necessary.

Communication Protocols in IoT Gateways

Kostiantyn Oliynyk

Head of IoT at Webbylab

Helped dozens of startups create effective IOT products.

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To exchange data, IoT gateways and devices rely on communication protocols. Consider these as a common language for all gadgets and sensors. There are plenty of IoT protocols and standards, but the most prominent are as follows:

• Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). It’s a lightweight, publish-subscribe messaging protocol. MQTT is perfect for low-bandwidth and high-latency networks and devices with little memory and processing power.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It’s the same protocol used for web communication. HTTP is simple to integrate and is widely adopted for RESTful APIs in IoT device gateways.
• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It’s a protocol designed for resource-constrained environments. CoAP is particularly suitable when energy efficiency is a priority, working well in networks with low bandwidth and availability.
• Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP). It’s a secure messaging protocol. AMQP is best for scenarios where message queuing and reliability are crucial, like industrial IoT applications.
• WebSocket. It enables bidirectional communication between devices and the gateway in IoT over a single TCP connection.

Features of IoT Gateways

As already mentioned, gateways ensure connectivity, security, and streamlined data flow in the IoT ecosystem. They also enable hassle-free device management. All of this is possible owing to the following features of the Internet of Things gateway:

Local Storage

IoT gateways have the capability to store data locally. This feature not only allows you to cache and process data on the gateway itself. It’s also beneficial in cases of network failure.

Edge Computing

Plenty of IoT solutions require some sort of control, whether turning the device off and on or triggering the appropriate actions. Performing these tasks wouldn’t be possible without edge computing capabilities. These allow for real-time IoT data processing and analytics at the network’s edge, meaning you can make quick decisions without transmitting all data to the cloud for analysis.

Security Measures

Security is a top concern in IoT, given the amount and sensitivity of data involved. That’s why IoT gateway solutions typically include various security features. Some are encryption, user authentication, secure boot processes, and access control.

Standard Interfaces for Sensor and Actuator Connectivity

A gateway for IoT should incorporate standard interfaces to ensure efficient data exchange between isolated sensors and actuators, even if these devices use different communication protocols. For example, analog sensors and Modbus devices over RS485 are prevalent in industrial settings, while SDI-12 is common in environmental and agricultural contexts.

IoT Standard Protocols and Data Formats

IoT gateways are often proprietary and tailored to the interface with sensors and end devices from a specific manufacturer. Gateways in IoT for home devices designed around the Zigbee protocol are one such example.

On the other hand, there are universal IoT gateways like MINEW, LoRaWAN, and SIMATIC IOT. These versatile solutions function seamlessly with a wide range of devices adhering to a single protocol and can integrate with diverse cloud platforms through APIs.

It’s best when IoT gateways use standard communication protocols and data formats. This ensures compatibility with almost all devices and platforms on the market. Leveraging MQTT, HTTP, and CoAP over IPv4 or IPv6 guarantees interoperability in the diverse IoT landscape.

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IoT Gateway Use Cases

Gateways help create scalable and robust Internet of Things systems in different industries. One notable direction is smart home automation using IoT, where gateways enable seamless integration of various smart devices into a unified ecosystem.

Let’s explore the most notable IoT gateway examples:

Smart Cities

City administrations can turn their urban settings smart with IoT gateways. Such solutions will swiftly collect data from traffic cameras, environmental monitors, and waste management systems and transfer it to the cloud. Upon data analysis, city authorities will be able to improve traffic control, air quality, waste management, and overall urban planning.

Smart Vehicles, Transportation, and Fleet Management

Consider a vehicle equipped with various sensors, dedicated processors, and an onboard computer. Inherently intelligent, this ecosystem is already capable of functioning effectively. However, by introducing an IoT gateway capable of seamlessly transferring data to the cloud and receiving commands from applications, this vehicle moves into the category of micromobility and becomes even more functional.

By connecting such vehicles within a cloud-based infrastructure, you can create a smart taxi fleet, launch bike and scooter rental services, or establish remote monitoring and control systems for agricultural machinery. While these functionalities are achievable without a gateway, they would require each sensor, end device, and node to be IoT-enabled, compared to leveraging a central gateway for streamlined internet connectivity.

Energy Management

IoT gateway devices in energy management systems are another viable use case. By leveraging iot for energy management, a gateway will aggregate data from smart meters, solar panels, and other energy devices, allowing users to monitor and optimize energy consumption. Similarly, in industrial environments, companies can benefit from industrial IoT solutions and services to monitor machinery, optimize resource usage, and enable predictive maintenance through centralized gateway management.

These are just several use cases of gateway devices in IoT. Discover more in our article on the top 20 IoT business ideas.

Applications of IoT Gateways

Let’s spice up the IoT gateway examples with some real-world applications. See how our team at WebbyLab leverages these solutions in our projects.

2Smart Standalone as an IoT Gateway

Our 2Smart Standalone automation platform is, in fact, a virtual gateway. It’s deployed on a separate physical server within the local network, serving as the central hub for connecting multiple devices. Once integrated with 2Smart Cloud, it seamlessly becomes a virtual gateway with edge computing capabilities, local data collection, and automation features.

2Smart Standalone is software that can be customized. Based on it, we can develop a complex multi-protocol IoT gateway. This gateway will not only allow devices to be controlled from the cloud but also make independent decisions, including automating processes.

Yehor Fedorov

IoT Project Team Lead at WebbyLab

Using the 2Smart Standalone platform as an IoT gateway

Zigbee and Xiaomi Gateway Integration with 2Smart Standalone

Our team developed integration with the Xiaomi Gateway to manage wireless Xiaomi sensors and devices within the 2Smart Standalone environment.

Integrating 2Smart Standalone with Xiaomi Gateway bridge

Additionally, we independently created a universal Zigbee bridge, which uses open-source hardware to serve as a physical Zigbee gateway. This bridge connects via USB, enabling the effortless control of sensors.

Setting up a Zigbee bridge within 2Smart Standalone

Modbus and KNX Gateway Integration with 2Smart Standalone

We developed two bridges for integration with wired devices, namely KNX and Modbus. Our virtual bridge acts as the intermediary for communicating with these devices, establishing a physical connection to the bus and enabling device control within the 2Smart Standalone system.

Bridges within the 2Smart Standalone automation platform

Teltonika Gateway

The WebbyLab team integrated 2Smart Standalone with the universal Internet of Things gateway by the Teltonika manufacturer. We set up everything by renting a virtual server and handling a cloud instance deployment of our platform.

The Teltonika gateway is tailored for tracking Bluetooth sensors, enhancing our connectivity capabilities. Their gateways are generally perfect for connecting a wide range of devices to the cloud. To make such systems even more efficient, businesses often complement gateway infrastructure with IoT mobile app development services that enable real-time monitoring, device control, and seamless interaction between users and connected devices.

Thanks to such IoT gateways as Teltonika, our products and services significantly expand their capabilities in terms of device connectivity. Additionally, their data transmission tools let us build complex solutions without significant integration costs.

Kostiantyn Oliynyk

Head of IoT at Webbylab

Leveraging Teltonika gateway for tracking Bluetooth sensors

Zigbee Gateway for 2Smart Cloud

Our experts developed a unique product, an IoT gateway for Zigbee devices. We made it compatible with our 2Smart Cloud platform, ensuring simple remote cloud management and automation scenarios for internet of things gateway devices.

This device is a prime example of a hardware IoT gateway. In fact, it can communicate with end devices via Zigbee, transmit all information, and enable two-way communication with the cloud, thanks to the built-in ESP32 module with WiFi.

This device is a prime example of a hardware IoT gateway. In fact, it can communicate with end devices via Zigbee, transmit all information, and enable two-way communication with the cloud, thanks to the built-in ESP32 module with WiFi.

Yehor Fedorov

IoT Project Team Lead at WebbyLab

A Zigbee Gateway developed for the 2Smart Cloud app

Modbus Gateway for Propuskator

In most scenarios, our Propuskator access controllers connect directly to the cloud. However, we encountered a situation where a large, nearby facility already had wired infrastructure in place, and extending internet connectivity via WiFi or Ethernet to all access points was unfeasible.

In this case, a network of RS-485 bus wires had been laid throughout the site, enabling a wired connection to all devices. We integrated all the Propuskator controllers into these bus networks, which, in turn, were linked to our secure IoT gateway. This gateway, a mini-physical server, was equipped with a USB-connected RS-485 bus.

For the gateway, we developed our software that connected all devices to the cloud, received commands from the central server to facilitate door access, transmitted door control commands, routinely polled devices for status updates, stored local access rules for offline functionality, and logged all access events locally.

A mobile app of a Propuskator access control system

Best Practices for Working with IoT Gateways

Alexey Krol

Chief Business Development Officer

Consulted 30+ IoT startups to speed up time to market.

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Using a gateway in IoT correctly is your way to streamlined data management and enhanced connectivity. Here are a few tips from WebbyLab’s experience that will help you reap all the gateway benefits:

• Keep a close eye on firmware updates to ensure they are relevant
• Thoroughly monitor gateway access, as they control multiple devices
• Consider using separate networks for gateways to enhance security
• Select the right IoT gateway for your needs, with a preference for universal solutions
• Opt for gateways with edge computing capabilities
• Keep detailed documentation for your gateway IoT configurations and integration procedures
• Implement power-saving measures for battery-operated devices

On top of that, ensure compliance with industry regulations and provide robust security measures to protect your IoT infrastructure and data from potential threats.

As an experienced Internet of Things development company, we help businesses implement secure, scalable, and high-performance IoT gateway solutions tailored to their needs.

Establish Connectivity with WebbyLab

IoT gateways are the glue of modern IoT ecosystems. They facilitate seamless data exchange, enable connectivity, and streamline data collection and processing.

Now that you’ve learned everything about IoT gateways, you likely want to implement one in your system. In this case, you can consider WebbyLab to be your trusted partner. With hands-on IoT gateway architecture expertise, we’re here to offer expert guidance and support. So why wait? Just contact our team right away.